You are here:

Expatriate aid salaries in Malaŵi: A doubly demotivating influence?
ARTICLE

, ,

International Journal of Educational Development Volume 18, Number 2 ISSN 0738-0593 Publisher: Elsevier Ltd

Abstract

Despite the rising cost of expatriate aid, we still know very little about its effectiveness, especially in sub-Saharan Africa. Education is a major objective of technical cooperation, and at the University of Malaŵi we surveyed both locally paid Malaŵian (N = 29) and expatriate lecturers (N = 29). Malaŵians emphatically agreed that aid salaries demotivated local lecturers, while the expatriates may have been resolving guilt about their greater pay by convincing themselves of their superiority, which could also result in their own demotivation. Aid salary differentials might therefore be demotivating both host and expatriate lecturers.

Citation

Carr, S.C., Chipande, R. & MacLachlan, M. Expatriate aid salaries in Malaŵi: A doubly demotivating influence?. International Journal of Educational Development, 18(2), 133-143. Elsevier Ltd. Retrieved August 9, 2024 from .

This record was imported from International Journal of Educational Development on March 1, 2019. International Journal of Educational Development is a publication of Elsevier.

Full text is availabe on Science Direct: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0738-0593(97)00040-0

References

View References & Citations Map
  1. Adams, J.S. (1965). Inequity in social exchange . Advances in Experimental Social Psychology, 2, pp. 267-300.
  2. Allen, K.R. (1987). An umbrella plan for expatriates . Benefits and Compensation International, 7, pp. 3-9.
  3. Argyle, M. (1989). The Social Psychology of Work . Harmondsworth, UK: Penguin.
  4. Balsiger, R.N. (1989). The socio-economic environment of the Gulf States and its impact on the expatriate package . Benefits and Compensation International, 8, pp. 11-15.
  5. Bem, D.J. (1972). Self-perception theory . Advances in Experimental Social Psychology, 6, pp. 1-62.
  6. Berkowitz, L., Fraser, C., Treasure, F.P., & Cochran, S. (1987). Pay, equity, job qualifications, and comparisons in pay satisfaction . Journal of Applied Psychology, 72, pp. 544-551.
  7. Brockner, J., & Adsit, L. (1986). The moderating effect of sex on the equity satisfaction relationship: A field study . Journal of Applied Psychology, 71, pp. 585-590.
  8. Carr, S.C., & MacLachlan, M. (1993). Asserting psychology in Malaŵi . The Psychologist, 6, pp. 408-413.
  9. Carr, S.C., McLoughlin, D., Hodgson, M., & MacLachlan, M. (1996). Unreasonable pay discrepancies and double demotivation . Genetic, Social and General Psychology Monographs, 122, pp. 475-494.
  10. Carrell, M.R., & Dittrich, J.E. (1978). Equity theory: The recent literature, method considerations, and new directions . Academy of Management Review, 3, pp. 202-210.
  11. Cassen, R. (1994). Does Aid Work? . Oxford, UK: Clarendon Press.
  12. Cox, E. (1995). A truly civil society . Sydney: ABC Books.
  13. Craig, D., & Porter, D. (1994). The Phoenix of the subject in development . Why Psychology? Australian Psychological Society Annual Conference Abstracts, 29, p. 58.
  14. Deci, E.L. (1975). Intrinsic motivation . New York: Plenum Publishing.
  15. Dore, R. (1994). Why visiting sociologists fail . World Development, 22, pp. 1425-1436.
  16. Eagly, A.H., & Chaiken, S. (1993). Attitudes . Orlando, FL: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich.
  17. Feather, N.T. (1994). Attitudes toward high achievers and reactions to their fall: Theory and research concerning tall poppies . Advances in Experimental Social Psychology, 26, pp. 1-73.
  18. Festinger, L. (1957). A Theory of Cognitive Dissonance . Stanford: Stanford University Press.
  19. Fox, C. (1994). Educational development cooperation, ethics, and the role of the consultant . Development Bulletin, 30, pp. 43-45.
  20. Gergen, K.J., & Gergen, M.M. (1971). International assistance in psychological perspective . The Year Book of World Affairs 1971, pp. 87-103. London: Stevens and Sons.
  21. Gow, D.D. (1991). Collaboration in development consulting: Stooges, hired guns, or musketeers? . Human Organization, 50, pp. 1-15.
  22. Gurstein, M., & Klee, J. (1996). Towards a management renewal of the United Nations — Part 1 . Public Administration and Development, 16, pp. 43-56.
  23. Harpaz, I. (1989). Non-financial employment commitment: A cross-national comparison . Journal of Occupational Psychology, 62, pp. 147-150.
  24. Hewitt, A., & Kydd, J. (1984). Aid effectiveness: Malaŵi . London: Overseas Development Institute.
  25. Hui, C.H., Triandis, H.C., & Yee, C. (1991). Cultural differences in reward allocation: Is collectivism the explanation? . British Journal of Social Psychology, 30, pp. 145-157.
  26. Kealey, D.J. (1989). A study of cross-cultural effectiveness: Theoretical issues, practical applications . International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 13, pp. 387-428.
  27. Kipnis, D. (1972). Does power corrupt? . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 24, pp. 33-41.
  28. Lerner, M.J., & Simmons, C.H. (1966). Observer's reaction to the ‘innocent victim:’ Compassion or rejection? . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 4, pp. 203-210.
  29. Leung, K., & Bond, M.H. (1984). The impact of cultural collectivism on reward allocation . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 47, pp. 793-804.
  30. Littlewood, R. (1985). Jungle madness: Some observations on expatriate psychopathology . International Journal of Social Psychiatry, 31, pp. 194-197.
  31. Machungwa, P.E., & Schmitt, N. (1983). Work motivation in a developing country . Journal of Applied Psychology, 68, pp. 31-42.
  32. MacLachlan, M. (1993). Splitting the difference: How do refugee workers survive? . Changes, 11, pp. 155-157.
  33. MacLachlan, M. (1993). Sustaining human resource development in Africa: The influence of expatriates . Management Education and Development, 24, pp. 153-157.
  34. MacLachlan, M., & Carr, S.C. (1993). Demotivating the doctors: The double demotivation hypothesis in Third World health services . Journal of Management in Medicine, 7, pp. 6-10.
  35. Markus, H.R., & Kitayana, S. (1991). Culture and the self: Implications for cognition, emotion, and motivation . Psychological Review, 98, pp. 224-253.
  36. McLoughlin, D., & Carr, S.C. (1997). Equity sensitivity and double demotivation . Journal of Social Psychology, 137.
  37. Meaning of Work International Research Team, None (1987). The Meaning of Work: An International View . London: Academic Press.
  38. Munene, J.C. (1995). ‘Not-on-seat’: An investigation of some correlates of organisational citizenship behaviour in Nigeria . Applied Psychology: An International Review, 44, pp. 111-122.
  39. Nisbett, R.E., & Ross, L. (1980). Human Inference: Strategies and Shortcomings of Social Judgments . Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall.
  40. O'Dwyer, T., & Woodhouse, T. (1996). The motivations of Irish Third World development workers . The Irish Journal of Psychology, 17, pp. 23-34.
  41. Perry, L.S. (1993). Effects of inequity on job satisfaction and self-evaluation in a national sample of African-American workers . Journal of Social Psychology, 133, pp. 565-573.
  42. Rondinelli, D.A. (1986). Improving development management: Lessons from the evaluation of USAID projects in Africa . International Review of Administrative Sciences, 52, pp. 421-445.
  43. Sahara, T. (1991). Donor delivery style, learning, and institutional development . Journal of Management Development, 10, pp. 60-83.
  44. Segall, M.H., Dasen, P.R., Berry, J.W., & Poortinga, Y.H. (1991). Human Behavior in Global Persepctive . Needham Heights, MA: Allyn and Bacon.
  45. Senge, P. (1992). The fifth discipline . Sydney: Random House.
  46. Shamir, B. (1990). Calculations, values, and identities: The sources of collectivistic work motivation . Human Relations, 43, pp. 313-332.
  47. Sinha, D. (1989). Cross-cultural psychology and the process of indigenisation: A second view from the Third World . Heterogeneity in Cross-cultural Psychology, pp. 24-40. Amsterdam: Swets and Zeitlinger.
  48. Smith, P.B., & Bond, M.H. (1993). Social psychology across cultures . Hemel Hempstead, U.K: Harvester-Wheatsheaf.
  49. Southern African Economist, None (1993). Persuading the doctors to stay . Southern African Economist, 6, p. 5.
  50. Tabachnick, B.G., & Fidell, L.S. (1989). Using Multivariate Statistics . New York: Harper and Row.
  51. University of Malaŵi, None (1993). Academic and Administrative Staff List 1992/3 . Zomba: University of Malaŵi.
  52. World Bank News, None (1996). Success and failure in Africa — two case studies: Technical assistance in Ghana and Uganda . Development Bulletin, 37, pp. 56-57.

These references have been extracted automatically and may have some errors. Signed in users can suggest corrections to these mistakes.

Suggest Corrections to References