Who believes in me? The effect of student–teacher demographic match on teacher expectations
ARTICLE
Seth Gershenson, Stephen B. Holt, School of Public Affairs ; Nicholas W. Papageorge, Department of Economics, United States
Economics of Education Review Volume 52, Number 1, ISSN 0272-7757 Publisher: Elsevier Ltd
Abstract
Teachers are an important source of information for traditionally disadvantaged students. However, little is known about how teachers form expectations and whether they are systematically biased. We investigate whether student–teacher demographic mismatch affects high school teachers’ expectations for students’ educational attainment. Using a student fixed effects strategy that exploits expectations data from two teachers per student, we find that non-black teachers of black students have significantly lower expectations than do black teachers. These effects are larger for black male students and math teachers. Our findings add to a growing literature on the role of limited information in perpetuating educational attainment gaps.
Citation
Gershenson, S., Holt, S.B. & Papageorge, N.W. (2016). Who believes in me? The effect of student–teacher demographic match on teacher expectations. Economics of Education Review, 52(1), 209-224. Elsevier Ltd. Retrieved March 27, 2023 from https://www.learntechlib.org/p/206605/.
This record was imported from
Economics of Education Review
on March 1, 2019.
Economics of Education Review is a publication of Elsevier.
Keywords
References
View References & Citations Map- Angrist, J.D., & Pischke, J.S. (2009). Mostly harmless econometrics: An empiricist's companion.
- Antecol, H., Eren, O., & Ozbeklik, S. (2015). The effect of teacher gender on student achievement in primary school. Journal of Labor Economics, 33(1), pp. 63-89.
- Autor, D.H., Figlio, D.N., Karbownik, K., Roth, J., & Wasserman, M. (2015). Family disadvantage and the gender gap in behavioral and educational outcomes. Northwestern University IPR Working Paper No. WP-15-16.
- Autor, D.H., Figlio, D.N., Karbownik, K., Roth, J., & Wasserman, M. (2016). School quality and the gender gap in educational achievement. Working Paper No. 21908.
- Bailey, M.J., & Dynarski, S.M. (2011). Gains and gaps: Changing inequality in US college entry and completion. Working Paper No. w17633.
- Boser, U., Wilhelm, M., & Hanna, R. (2014). The power of the Pygmalion effect: Teachers expectations strongly predict college completion. Washington, DC: Center for American Progress.
- Bound, J., Turner, S., Hanushek, E., Machin, S., & Woessman, L. (2011). Dropouts and diplomas: The divergence in collegiate outcomes. Handbook of the economics of education, Vol. 4, pp. 573-613. Amsterdam: North-Holland.
- Burgess, S., & Greaves, E. (2013). Test scores, subjective assessment, and stereotyping of ethnic minorities. Journal of Labor Economics, 31(3), pp. 535-576.
- Chetty, R., Friedman, J.N., & Rockoff, J.E. (2014). Measuring the impacts of teachers II: Teacher value-added and student outcomes in adulthood. American Economic Review, 104(9), pp. 2633-2679.
- Chetty, R., Hendren, N., Lin, F., Majerovitz, J., & Scuderi, B. (2016). Childhood environment and gender gaps in adulthood. Working Paper No. 21936.
- Clotfelter, C.T., Ladd, H.F., & Vigdor, J.L. (2007). How and why do teacher credentials matter for student achievement? Working Paper No. w12828.
- Cornwell, C., Mustard, D.B., & Van Parys, J. (2013). Noncognitive skills and the gender disparities in test scores and teacher assessments: Evidence from primary school. Journal of Human Resources, 48(1), pp. 236-264.
- Curwin, R. (2012). Believing in students: The power to make a difference.
- Dee, T.S. (2004). Teachers, race, and student achievement in a randomized experiment. Review of Economics and Statistics, 86(1), pp. 195-210.
- Dee, T.S. (2005). A teacher like me: Does race, ethnicity, or gender matter?. American Economic Review, 95(2), pp. 158-165.
- Dee, T.S. (2007). Teachers and the gender gaps in student achievement. Journal of Human Resources, 42(3), pp. 528-554.
- Dee, T.S. (2015). Social identity and achievement gaps: Evidence from an affirmation intervention. Journal of Research on Educational Effectiveness, 8, pp. 149-168.
- Dillon, E., & Smith, J.A. (2013). The determinants of mismatch between students and colleges. Working Paper No. 19286.
- Egalite, A.J., Kisida, B., & Winters, M.A. (2015). Representation in the classroom: The effect of own-race teachers on student achievement. Economics of Education Review, 45, pp. 44-52.
- Ehrenberg, R.G., Goldhaber, D.D., & Brewer, D.J. (1995). Do teachers' race, gender, and ethnicity matter? Evidence from the National Educational Longitudinal Study of 1988. Industrial & Labor Relations Review, 48(3), pp. 547-561.
- Fairlie, R.W., Hoffmann, F., & Oreopoulos, P. (2014). A community college instructor like me: Race and ethnicity interactions in the classroom. American Economic Review, 104(8), pp. 2567-2591.
- Ferguson, R.F. (2003). Teachers’ perceptions and expectations and the black-white test score gap. Urban Education, 38(4), pp. 460-507.
- Fryer, R.G., Card, D., & Ashenfelter, O.C. (2011). Racial inequality in the 21st century: The declining significance of discrimination. Handbook of labor economics, Vol. 4B, pp. 855-971. Amsterdam: North Holland.
- Golebiewski, D. (2012). What makes a teacher great?. Pittsburgh, PA: POPCity.
- Gregory, A., & Huang, F. (2013). It takes a village: The effects of 10th grade college-going expectations of students, parents, and teachers four years later. American Journal of Community Psychology, 52(1–2), pp. 41-55.
- Hanna, R.N., & Linden, L.L. (2012). Discrimination in grading. American Economic Journal: Economic Policy, 4(4), pp. 146-168.
- Hanushek, E.A., Kain, J.F., & Rivkin, S.G. (2004). Why public schools lose teachers. Journal of Human Resources, 39(2), pp. 326-354.
- Holt, S.B., & Gershenson, S. (2015). The impact of teacher demographic representation on student attendance and suspensions. Discussion Paper No. 9554.
- Hoxby, C., & Turner, S. (2013). Expanding college opportunities for high-achieving, low income students. Discussion Paper No. 12-014.
- Jackson, C.K. (2009). Student demographics, teacher sorting, and teacher quality: Evidence from the end of school desegregation. Journal of Labor Economics, 27(2), pp. 213-256.
- Jackson, C.K. (2012). Non-cognitive ability, test scores, and teacher quality: Evidence from 9th grade teachers in North Carolina. Working Paper No. w18624.
- Jussim, L., & Harber, K.D. (2005). Teacher expectations and self-fulfilling prophecies: Knowns and unknowns, resolved and unresolved controversies. Personality and Social Psychology Review, 9(2), pp. 131-155.
- Kirby, S.N., Berends, M., & Naftel, S. (1999). Supply and demand of minority teachers in Texas: Problems and prospects. Educational Evaluation and Policy Analysis, 21(1), pp. 47-66.
- Lavy, V. (2008). Do gender stereotypes reduce girls' or boys' human capital outcomes? Evidence from a natural experiment. Journal of Public Economics, 92(10), pp. 2083-2105.
- Lavy, V., & Sand, E. (2015). On the origins of gender human capital gaps: Short and long term consequences of teachers’ stereotypical biases. Working Paper No. w20909.
- Lareau, A. (2011). Unequal childhoods: Class, race, and family life.
- Lareau, A., Weininger, E.B., Lareau, G., & Weininge, E.B. (2008). Class and the transition to adulthood., pp. 118-151. New York, NY: Russell Sage Foundation.
- Loury, G.C. (2009). The anatomy of racial inequality.
- Lusher, L., Campbell, D., & Carrell, S. (2015). TAs like me: Racial interactions between graduate teaching assistants and undergraduates. Working Paper No. w21568.
- McGrady, P.B., & Reynolds, J.R. (2013). Racial mismatch in the classroom: Beyond black-white differences. Sociology of Education, 86(1), pp. 3-17.
- Mechtenberg, L. (2009). Cheap talk in the classroom: How biased grading at school explains gender differences in achievements, career choices and wages. The Review of Economic Studies, 76(4), pp. 1431-1459.
- MetLife, Inc. (2009). The MetLife survey of the American teacher: Collaborating for student success. Part 2. New York, NY: MetLife, Inc..
- Morgan, S.L., Leenman, T.S., Todd, J.J., & Weeden, K.A. (2013). Occupational plans, beliefs about educational requirements, and patterns of college entry. Sociology of Education, 86(3), pp. 197-217.
- Mittag, N. (2012). New methods to estimate models with large sets of fixed effects with an application to matched employer–employee data from Germany. FDZ-Methoden report.
- Ouazad, A. (2014). Assessed by a teacher like me: Race and teacher assessments. Education Finance & Policy, 9(3), pp. 334-372.
- Riegle-Crumb, C., & Humphries, M. (2012). Exploring bias in math teachers’ perceptions of students’ ability by gender and race/ethnicity. Gender and Society, 26(2), pp. 290-322.
- Rosenthal, R., & Jacobson, L. (1968). Pygmalion in the classroom. The Urban Review, 3(1), pp. 16-20.
- Solon, G., Haider, S.J., & Wooldridge, J.M. (2015). What are we weighting for?. Journal of Human Resources, 50(2), pp. 301-316.
- Spitzer, B., & Aronson, J. (2015). Minding and mending the gap: Social psychological interventions to reduce educational disparities. British Journal of Educational Psychology, 85(1), pp. 1-18.
- Steele, C.M. (1997). A threat in the air: How stereotypes shape intellectual identity and performance. American Psychologist, 52(6), pp. 613-629.
- Verrecchia, R.E. (1982). Information acquisition in a noisy rational expectations economy. Econometrica, 50(6), pp. 1415-1430.
- Wiswall, M., & Zafar, B. (2015). Determinants of college major choice: Identification using an information experiment. The Review of Economic Studies, 82(2), pp. 791-824.
- Wooldridge, J.M. (2010). Econometric analysis of cross section and panel data. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
These references have been extracted automatically and may have some errors. Signed in users can suggest corrections to these mistakes.
Suggest Corrections to References